![]() ![]() The oldest recorded medical use of copper is mentioned in the Smith Papyrus, one of the oldest books known ( 8). marks the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age. The ability to smelt and forge iron from about 1000 B.C. The earliest bronze artifacts originated from the Middle East and China and date to before 3000 B.C., but it was not until the second millennium B.C. With the invention of smelting, the metallurgic age began and the advantage of combining copper with tin to form bronze was discovered. Its use remained scattered throughout Europe and the Middle East, and the archeological evidence remains scarce. It was the first metal used, presumably because it could be found in a native, metallic form which did not require smelting. The use of copper by human civilizations dates back to between the 5th and 6th millennia B.C. The merit of copper as a hygienic material in hospitals and related settings will also be discussed. These findings will be reviewed here and juxtaposed with the toxicity mechanisms of ionic copper. ![]() ![]() Recent work has shed light on mechanistic aspects of contact killing. In connection to these new applications of copper, it is important to understand the mechanism of contact killing since it may bear on central issues, such as the possibility of the emergence and spread of resistant organisms, cleaning procedures, and questions of material and object engineering. In several clinical studies, copper has been evaluated for use on touch surfaces, such as door handles, bathroom fixtures, or bed rails, in attempts to curb nosocomial infections. ![]() Environmental Protection Agency as the first solid antimicrobial material. The antimicrobial activity of copper and copper alloys is now well established, and copper has recently been registered at the U.S. Contact killing was observed to take place at a rate of at least 7 to 8 logs per hour, and no live microorganisms were generally recovered from copper surfaces after prolonged incubation. This is due to the potential use of copper as an antibacterial material in health care settings. While the phenomenon was already known in ancient times, it is currently receiving renewed attention. Bacteria, yeasts, and viruses are rapidly killed on metallic copper surfaces, and the term “contact killing” has been coined for this process. ![]()
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